The Ebola outbreak in West Africa has been characterized—and profoundly complicated—by its vast and unprecedented geographic spread. Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières is working to contain the continued spread of the disease on the porous border between Guinea and Sierra Leone.
Many people in Kambia, in northwest Sierra Leone, lead lives that criss-cross the border with neighboring Guinea. Families are often split on either side of the boundary, and people regularly do their shopping at markets in Forecariah, on the Guinea side.
“For the local population, the border hardly exists,” says Els Adams, an MSF outreach nurse in Kambia. “There are at least 34 different crossing points, and probably even more. People identify with the region rather than the country.”
However, despite the well-known mobility of the population, Ebola contact tracing and surveillance teams from Guinea and Sierra Leone’s Ministries of Health were too often constrained by borders in ways that residents of the area were not. “It was very clear initially that the countries were focused on fighting Ebola only up to the borders,” says Adams. “There was little exchange of information and follow-up of contacts across the border. There was low awareness that people could have been infected on the other side, or have contacts there.”
Fostering Collaboration
MSF has been aiming to improve the cross-border collaboration in the region. In Kambia, the organization has just completed a project focusing on case investigation of Ebola patients—particularly those cases that are likely to have a cross-border component.
The team distributed hygiene kits to contacts of Ebola patients, visiting every day for monitoring and to gain a greater understanding of cross-border movements.
The Kambia team collaborated with MSF colleagues and other organizations in Forecariah, on the Guinean side of the border, to allow follow-up across the border. During the two months that MSF was working in Kambia, there were 29 confirmed Ebola cases, seven of which had a clear link with Guinea, and even more with indirect links.
“For instance, recently we had an Ebola case in Sierra Leone who had visited a village in Guinea where two people had died of unknown causes,” says Adams. “So we discussed that with our MSF colleagues on the other side, who sent out a team to that village to look into it. “
In Guinea, in the sub-district of Farmoriah and Benty, the MSF team works with local communities that cross the border every day. Here, MSF conducts health promotion, supports health structures, and deploys outreach teams. These teams respond to alerts, pick up patients, and bring them to the French Red Cross Ebola Center in Forecariah.
“There is still a significant lack of knowledge of Ebola in this area, despite the work that has been done for one year in Guinea,” says Florence Denneulin, MSF field coordinator in Farmoriah. “In some areas, for example, communities are afraid of white cars (seen as a symbol of aid organizations). As the cars pass through a village raising dust, some mistakenly fear the dust could spread Ebola. This rumor is just one among others. There is still a lot of work to do to improve the understanding of the disease in these areas and avoid the spread of Ebola and reduce stigmatization.”
Complicated Situations
Every day MSF teams witness movements over the border and face complicated situations. "People move a lot between the two countries for trade,” says Florence. “One day, we were contacted for an alert of a suspected case, a woman on the Guinean side. Her husband had gone to Sierra Leone for commerce and unfortunately the woman refused to go to the transit center without the permission of her husband. So the team had to wait two days until the husband came back to give his permission.”
Els Adams says a key part of the response has been raising awareness about the importance of cross-border issues with other organizations. MSF has worked to establish connections with other groups, such as the World Health Organization, to help ensure that information is exchanged between different actors and across the border. MSF has also lobbied for the introduction of a cross-border component to the training of district surveillance officers, and into routine forms used for contact tracing.
A Lasting Solution
Recently the governments of Guinea and Sierra Leone took a significant step towards greater regional cooperation with the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the two countries. Thankfully, cross-border issues are now a much more integral part of the case investigation.
MSF’s Kambia project has now been completed, as other partner organizations are addressing the regional challenges in the area.
“It’s always difficult to leave, but the system has been put in place that will the address the cross-border context—and will hopefully help bring this epidemic finally to an end,” says Adams.