Niger: Deportations put migrants’ lives at risk

Safi Keita left Mali for Algeria to make a living selling spices. Her two children had stayed behind with her mother, and she was four months pregnant with her third child on the day that Algerian police arrived at her home. "The [police officers] broke down the door,” she said. “They took everything: money and phones. Then they took me to the police station.”

The following day, Keita was put in a truck and taken to a detention center. “They put us in crowded trucks—it was very cramped, there were many of us and no one was wearing a mask,” she said. On arrival, she was made to jump from the truck to the ground. “Being pregnant, it caused me stomach pains,” she said.

She was held in the detention centre for four days, in unsanitary conditions and with only bread to eat. “Although I was pregnant, I received no special treatment,” she said. “The guards had no compassion towards me or my physical condition.” Finally, Safi was taken with other migrants to the border between Algeria and Niger and left unceremoniously in the desert.

COVID-19 has not stopped expulsions

As of mid-April 2021, 4,370 migrants have been expelled from Algeria to Niger this year, including one with a gunshot wound and another with a broken leg. These recent deportations are a reminder that, despite the closure of national borders due to COVID-19, the systematic expulsion of migrants has not stopped. 

According to data collected by teams from Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), 23,175 migrants arrived in the small desert town of Assamaka, near Niger’s border with Algeria, in 2020.

This figure is slightly lower than the 29,888 expulsions recorded by MSF teams in 2019, but it is very high considering that Niger's borders have been officially closed since March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, the number of outpatient consultations provided by MSF to people expelled from Algeria was even higher in the previous year—41,801 compared to 39,889 in 2019.

Many of our patients report having experienced violence, including torture: in 2020, MSF teams provided medical care to 989 migrants affected by violence, 21 of whom said they had been tortured. Our teams also treated 1,914 migrants for mental health problems.

Dropped at “Point Zero”

MSF teams in Agadez, Niger, have collected hundreds of testimonies from migrants of all ages helped by MSF after being expelled from Algeria. Most are originally from West Africa and South Asia. Some had lived in Algeria for years before being deported, while others had been traveling through the country on their way to Europe.

Like Keita, they were arrested and kept for days, weeks, or even months in detention centers before being forced into buses or trucks by Algerian security forces and dropped off at a place known as “Point Zero,” a spot in the middle of nowhere on the desert border between Algeria and Niger, often in the middle of the night. 

With nothing in their pockets, and with no map or directions, they faced a nine-mile walk to Assamaka, the nearest settlement. Some people reportedly got lost on the way and were never found.

Stripped and robbed

Traoré Ya Madou, from Mali, had worked for six years as a painter in Algeria before he was arrested and deported. "We lived right on the site where we worked,” he said. “That morning, the Algerian police arrived. Usually, we’d give them money or resist and eventually the officers would leave. But that night, there were about 20 of them. They broke down the door and entered. They handcuffed us and transported us to the police station. I was there for 24 hours with nothing to eat. They searched us and took off our underwear—it was inhuman treatment. I had 2,500 euros on me and the officers took everything. They beat me so savagely that I had to go to hospital.”

As punishment for trying to resist arrest, Madou was taken much further into the desert than many other migrants and had to walk for around four hours to reach Assamaka.

Human rights abuses

Since the Libyan revolution in 2011, the route through Niger and then northwards through Libya or Algeria has been the main migratory route towards Europe. Policies designed to curb the flow of migrants have not prevented people from seeking safety. Instead, they have increased the risks for people on the move by criminalizing their actions and violating their human rights.

At the 2015 Valletta Summit, European and African countries strengthened their border control systems and agreed to facilitate the return—voluntary or not—of migrants deemed illegal. As a result, migrants continue to be arbitrarily arrested, subjected to ill-treatment, or returned to countries where they risk persecution.

“These arrests, detentions, and expulsions by the Algerian government do not respect the fundamental principle of non-refoulement [which protects asylum seekers from being returned to countries where they could be persecuted] and are contrary to international human rights law and international refugee law,” said MSF head of mission Jamal Mrrouch. “It is essential to readjust these policies and guarantee humanitarian assistance and protection to migrants on the move, ensuring that local facilities in transit countries such as Niger can meet the needs of all.”

MSF teams have been working in the Agadez region since August 2018, providing medical and humanitarian assistance to women, men, and children in need. We provide health care, psychosocial support, emergency medical evacuations, and search and rescue for migrants lost or abandoned in the desert. We also provide migrants with essential relief items such as mosquito nets, blankets, hygiene kits, and underwear.